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A Pinwheel calculator was a class of mechanical calculator popular in the 19th and 20th century using, for its calculating engine, a set of wheels that had an adjustable number of teeth. These wheels, also called pinwheels, could be set by using a side lever which could expose anywhere from 0 to 9 teeth, and therefore when coupled to a counter they could, at each rotation, add a number from 0 to 9 to the result. By linking these wheels with carry mechanisms a new kind of calculator engine was invented. Turn the wheels one way and one performs an addition, the other way a subtraction. As part of a redesign of the arithmometer,〔G. Trogemann, p. 41 (2001)〕 they reduced by an order of magnitude the cost and the size of a mechanical calculators on which one could easily do the four basic operations (add, subtract, multiply and divide). Pinwheel calculators became extremely popular with the success of the Odhner Arithmometer. ==History== * - In ''"Machina arithmetica in qua non additio tantum et subtractio sed et multiplicatio nullo, diviso vero paene nullo animi labore peragantur"'', written in 1685, Leibniz described an arithmetic machine he had invented that was made by linking two separate machines, one to perform additions/subtractions and one for multiplications/divisions. Pascal's calculator was to be used for additions and subtractions (he called it the calculating box of Pascal) and a machine using wheels with movable teeth was to be used for multiplications and divisions.〔David Smith, p.173-181 (1929)〕 There is no evidence that Leibniz constructed this pinwheel machine, but his Leibniz wheel, which, when coupled to a sliding counting wheel, can mesh with a variable number of teeth, seems to have been his way of implementing a variable number of teeth design. * - Giovanni Poleni was the first to build a calculator that used a pinwheel design. Made of wood, his ''calculating clock'' was built in 1709;〔(Copy of Poleni's machine ) (it) Museo Nazionale della Scienza e della Tecnologia Leonardo Da Vinci. Retrieved 2010-10-04〕 he destroyed it after hearing that Antonius Braun had received 10,000 Guldens for dedicating a pinwheel machine of his own design to the emperor Charles VI of Vienna.〔Jean Marguin, p. 93-94 (1994)〕 Poleni described his machine in his ''Miscellanea'' in 1709, but it was also described by Jacob Leupold in his ''Theatrum Machinarum Generale'', ("The General Theory of Machines") which was published in 1727. * - Antonius Braun was a native of Swabia; his machine, which he presented to the emperor in 1727, was cylindrical in shape and was made of steel, silver and brass; it was finely decorated and looked like a renaissance table clock. It could perform all four operations. His dedication to the emperor engraved on the top of the machine also reads "..to make easy to ignorant people, addition, subtraction, multiplication and even division".〔Jean Marguin, p.94-96 (1994)〕 * - Lord Stanhope of the United Kingdom designed a pinwheel machine in 1775. It was set in a rectangular box with a handle on the side. He also designed a machine using Leibniz wheels in 1777.〔Door E. Felt, p.15-16 (1916)〕 * - Dr. Didier Roth, a French inventor, patented and built a machine based on that design in 1842. * - Izrael Staffel, a polish clockmaker introduced his pinwheel machine in 1845 at an industrial exposition in Warsaw, Poland and won a gold medal in 1851 at The Great Exhibition in London. * - Frank S. Baldwin invented a pinwheel calculator in the USA in 1872. * - In St. Petersburg, Russia, Wilgott Theophil Odhner invented his arithmometer in 1874 and in 1890〔G. Trogemann, p. 43 (2001)〕 it became the first pinwheel calculator to be mass-manufactured. Its industrial production started in Odhner's workshop: ''W.T. Odhner, Maschinenfabrik & Metallgiesserei'' and then moved to the Odhner-Gill factory (фабрика Однера-Гиля) in 1891. Odhner type calculators were more popular in Europe (particularly in Germany) than in the United States. * - ''Grimme, Natalis & Co.'' bought the rights to Odhner's patents in 1892 and soon after started production in Brunswick, Germany. They sold their machines under the Brunsviga brand name (Brunsviga is the Latin name of the town of Brunswick, just as Braunschweig is its name in German〔David Shaw (1998)〕); they became very successful on their own and were the first of a long line of Odhner clone makers. * - In 1924, Felix Dzerzhinsky, the head of the Russian Cheka, initiated the manufacturing of arithmometers. Later they were named ''arithmometer Feliks'' and served in the Soviet Union well into the 1970s, popularly known under the name "Iron Feliks". 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「pinwheel calculator」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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